TGF β is a  cytokine secreted by adipose tissue. Expression of TGF β  in adipose tissue correlates with BMI.   Diabetes. 2000 Aug;49(8):1374-80.   TGF β 1 stimulates release of PAI-1.  Mol Med. 1997 Jan;3(1):37-48.   and suppresses release of Leptin from human adipose tissue.  TNF alpha can increase TGF β 1 mRNA expression in adipose tissue of lean mice, while neutralization of TNF alpha or deletion of its receptor in obese mice produces a decrease in TGF β.  High TNF alpha levels are recognised in obesity and might be effecting its actions at least to a degree through  TGF β?

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